Global Climate essays

Global Climate essays The present situation of the global climate and more importantly the action taken to move toward safer environmental prospects is the issue in the sphere of climate change. However, in order to fully understand this topic a brief introduction of the sources of climate change, its subsequent effects and an explanation of why humans should be concerned is necessary. Only after considering that background, can present conditions and initiatives be comprehended to their full importance. Like that of a human, the temperature or climate of the world must be maintained at certain levels in order to sustain life. The Earths climate is a delicate balance between many natural and human forces. Solar energy, climate depends on this factor the most. Although one third of all solar energy is reflected back in space by the Earths upper atmosphere, the two-thirds that do penetrate the Earths atmosphere is the major proponent of weather. The atmosphere itself plays more of an ambiguous role. Cloud formation is a significant component of our atmosphere. It is known to shield solar rays yet still can be guilty of trapping heat in the atmosphere and yet sometimes is also found to let heat escape into space. However unpredictable the overall affect of the atmosphere on the Earths temperature, it does indeed affect it. What is certain about the atmospheres affect is the existence of heat trapping Green House Gases (GHGs), including water vapor, CO2, methane and nitrous oxi de that heat the Earths surface by blocking heats exit. The oceans, covering two thirds of the Earth are a key source of moisture and store heat efficiently as well as transport it across thousands of miles. Another key climate-affecting ocean issue is the carbon-dioxide consuming marine-life that relieves the atmosphere of huge amounts of CO2. The water cycle contributes a cooling effect by supplying water vapor that forms c...

Definition and Examples of Conduplicatio in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Conduplicatio in Rhetoric Conduplicatio is a  rhetorical term for the repetition of one or more words in successive clauses. Also called  reduplicatio or reduplication. According to the Rhetorica ad Herennium (c. 90 BC), the purpose of conduplicatio is usually either amplification or an appeal to pity. Examples and Observations Where have all the flowers gone?Long time passing.Where have all the flowers gone?Long time ago.Where have all the flowers gone?Girls have picked them every one.When will they ever learn?When will they ever learn? (Pete Seeger and Joe Hickerson, Where Have All the Flowers Gone?) The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries. (Winston Churchill) Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled.Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called sons of God.Blessed are they that have been persecuted for righteousness sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. (Jesus, Sermon on the Mount, Matthew 5:3-10) We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of Gods children. (Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream, 1963) Then thou thy regal Sceptre shalt lay be,For regal Sceptre then no more shall need,God shall be All in All. But all ye Gods,Adore him, who to compass all this dies,Adore the Son, an honor him as mee. (John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book III, lines 339-343) Now the trumpet summons us againnot as a call to bear arms, though arms we neednot as a call to battle, though embattled we arebut a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation, a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself. (President John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, 1961) Multiple Cases of Duplicatio Cases of conduplicatio can be combined, as in this fine case where several nouns and modifiers (empire, revenue, army, worst) are repeated to create a tightly wound effect: I allow, indeed, that the Empire of Germany raises her revenue and her troops by quotas and contingents; but the revenue of the Empire and the army of the Empire is the worst revenue and the worst army in the world.[Edmund] Burke, Speech on Conciliation With the Colonies, 1775 The double use of conduplicatio. A classic pattern in the use of this scheme involves two initial claims, each of which is then repeated with elaboration or reasons for it.... We are dregs and scum, sir: the dregs very filthy, the scum very superior.[George Bernard] Shaw, Man and Superman, 1903 (Ward Farnsworth, Farnsworths Classical English Rhetoric. David R. Godine, 2011)

Ethical competence and moral grasp of the right business practice Essay

Ethical competence and moral grasp of the right business practice - Essay Example Ethical competence and moral grasp of the right business practice During the past decade there have been numerous accounting scandals that have caused corporate collapses which have shaken the financial arena and created huge losses for investors, the present financial crisis of the latter part of 2008 revealed the greatest challenges yet. The majority of these collapses were caused directly by the unethical behavior of CEO’s, directors, officers and employees who misrepresented the financial condition of the corporation by providing misleading financial information (Ashe & Nealy, 2010, pg. 1). Public accounting firms as being a â€Å"part of the contemporary ‘enterprise culture’ that persuades many to believe that ‘bending the rules’ for personal gain is a sign of business acumen.† This stands in stark contrast to the differentiating public interest perspective of a profession, and we suggest that cultural change in the profession is necessary for real and lasting change to occur (Stuebs & Wilkinson, 2010, p g. 30). Such, this paper is prepared by the undersigned to show ethical competence and moral grasp of the right business practice as he prepares himself to enter the corporate world and before taking the CPA board exam as a certification of competence on the field of Accountancy. The ethical dilemma comes in especially when the Accountant is being asked by a superior whether explicitly or implicitly to be â€Å"creative† with the books to serve the end of the company. ... There are several reasons why an accountant does this. First, it may have been under the prodding and order of a superior to â€Å"skew or massage the numbers† to the company’s favor. Second, to make the company look good as it reports to the public with regard to its performance or to potential investors who would like to put their money in the business. Or, to pad the expenses so that the net earnings would appear to be low compared to actual earning and thus, requiring the company to pay only minimal taxes. The ethical dilemma comes in especially when the Accountant is being asked by a superior whether explicitly or implicitly to be â€Å"creative† with the books to serve the end of the company. This can be quite difficult for an accountant as he/she may be admonished for insubordination which may result from losing one’s job especially in today’s difficult times. Also the Accountant may become sympathetic to the company. It being the source of h is/her employment, the Accountant may be tempted to â€Å"window dress† the company’s financial statements to preserve it and his/her job to the detriment of the interest of the general and investing public. III. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountant Code of Conduct Instituting ethical practice among Financial Professionals is critical not only for the sake of being ethical in the practice of a profession but also to prevent the dire consequences if such unethical behavior becomes pervasive. For this malpractice has singlehandedly caused the recent financial disaster that â€Å"no other single issue is of greater concern to accountants in industry and public accounting than ethics. If the public cannot place

Understanding the Consumer Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Understanding the Consumer Assignment - Essay Example Although, this model might look applicable in the modern world however consumer behavior is far too complex to be predicted on the basis of one single model. The reason is that today consumers themselves are very diverse and so any one set of assumption cannot hold true for everybody. In the paragraphs ahead it will be discussed how things as simple as signing one’s name, the name a person has been given by his or her family and the culture one lives in can have an influence on purchase decisions. Consumer decision making process and online shopping Haubl & Trifts (2000) propose in their study on the impact of decision aids on online shopping and consumer decision process that interactive decision aids are made for helping customers online. These decision aids help during the initial display of products available online and they also help in detailed comparison between preferred substitutes which might have highly wanted characteristics with regards to consumer decision making . Such aids permit online shoppers to conveniently find products that have been over-priced or find products which have been dominated by competitors’ inferior products due to competitors spending excessively on online advertising. Consequently, market has become more economically efficient. Generally, the presence of interactive decision aids on e-commerce websites should improve the skill of customers to find products that correspond to their personal preferences and, consequently, result in considerable optimistic and good effects for consumers. (Haubl & Trifts, 2000). Impulsive buying and culture An early study failed to differentiate among impulsive buying and unplanned buying (West, 1951) but it did describe both as the dissimilarity between actual procurement and procurement planned before. However, all procurements not planned beforehand are not impulsive ((Kollat & P.Willett, 1967; Stern, 1962). Instead, impulsive buying is comparatively more unprompted and spur-of-t he moment (Inman,Winer, and Ferraro 2009; Rook 1987; Rook and Fisher 1995) than unplanned procurement, which comprises of procurement not planned beforehand (Stern 1962). Zhang, Winterich, and Mittal (2010) describe the link between impulsive buying and Power Distance Belief (PDB) (Zhang et al., 2010). The authors discuss in details the concept of power distance. Power distance can be defined as the amount of power or authority a group is willing to accept without being forced to do so. There are high power distance cultures and also low power distance cultures. Usually, in high PDB cultures people try to learn self-control which is needed for accepting authority. Such people are reluctant to act on impulses or emotions unless told by somebody in authority to act in a certain way. The reason behind learning and practicing self-control is that this is appreciated by others. Tibet is an example of a high PDB culture. On the other hand, low PDB cultures suggest that less attention shou ld be given to authority or source of power and self-control is not as necessary as some people might think (Hofstede, 2001). For instance, students belonging to low-PDB cultures feel encouraged enough to start chatting randomly, stating their different opinions openly, and even going as far as disagreeing with their teachers if they think teachers

Platos Contributions Essay Example for Free

Platos Contributions Essay It is believed that Plato, a student of Socrates, was one of the greatest contributors of philosophy. Proof of Platos notoriety in the world of philosophy can be clearly seen with his dialogues and his renowned student Aristotle. Plato’s writings are in the form of dialogues, with Socrates as the principal speaker. With his theory of Forms, he had discussed a wide range of metaphysical and ethical questions while finding inherent connections between the two. Plato also considered epistemological questions, such as whether knowledge is justified true belief. His greatest work, The Republic, developed theories of justice. Proof of a truly great philosopher can be shown by his or her students. As mentioned before, Platos Academy was a breeder of philosophers. One of the most prominent philosophers to come from the Academy was Aristotle. Plato himself took Aristotle under his wing and taught him the ways of understanding and contemplating the world around him. Plato divided his world into two aspects. These worlds have forms, the intelligible world and the perceptual world. Plato saw the perceptual world around us as imperfect copies of the intelligible forms or ideas. In the intelligible world, forms are unchangeable and perfect and only comprehensible by the use of intellect and understanding. For example, a chair is a chair because it â€Å"participates in† the Form of Chair. The forms are ideal â€Å"patterns,† unchanging, timeless, and perfect. Plato speaks of them as self-assertion: the Form of Beauty is perfectly beautiful. This led, to the Third Man Argument that there must be an infinite number of Forms. â€Å"If it’s impossible for unlike things to be like and like things unlike, isn’t it then impossible for them to be many? Because, if they were many, they would have incompatible properties† (Plato â€Å"Parmenides† 126), this is Mary Louise Gill and Paul Ryan’s translation of Plato’s Forms of Likeness and Unlikeness. Thus one and the same thing can be both like and unlike, or one and many, by participating in the Forms of Likeness and Unlikeness, of Unity and Plurality. Plato also believed that knowledge is innate, or inborn, and that the development of ideas is buried deep in the soul, and may be guided out by teachers. Plato drew a sharp distinction between knowledge, which is certain, and mere opinion. Opinions derive from the shifting world of sensation knowledge derives from the world of timeless Forms, or essences. Theaetetus stated, â€Å"It seems to me that a man who knows something perceives what he knows, and the way it appears at present, at any rate, is that knowledge is simply perception† (Cooper 168), in which Socrates agreed with that statement. In his best-known dialogue, The Republic, consisted of a lengthy dialogue on the nature of justice. Socrates identifies the four major virtues in the different aspects of this republic: the guardians possess wisdom, the auxiliaries possess courage, and the whole possesses justice and moderation. Plato believed that justice is the most important virtue. Socrates said, â€Å"Justice is minding of one’s own business and not being a busybody† (Plato â€Å"The Republic† 111). Hence, the justice of an ideal republic does not reside in any particular part of the republic but rather in the structure of the republic as a whole. While Plato is best known for his work The Republic, his larger contribution to philosophy includes many such dialogues that are of ancient thought and debate. Platos knowledge and theories have survived throughout the ages and are still relevant in todays society. He continued to teach until the end, winning the admiration and love of his students and fellow Athenians. His contributions to philosophy will be never-ending.? Works Cited Cooper, John M. , ed. Plato Complete Works. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1997. Print. Plato. Parmenides. Trans. Mary Louise Gill and Paul Ryan. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 428-347 B. C. Print. . The Republic. Trans. Allan Bloom. : The Perseus Book Group, 1968. Print.

An Immense Career Essays -- English Literature

An Immense Career Career Willa Cather, American novelist and short-story writer, was born Willela Sibert Cather on 7 December 1873, in Back Creek Valley, Virginia, near Winchester. At nine years of age, in 1883, her family moved to Red Cloud, Nebraska. Many of her novels were set in Red Cloud. She attended the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and graduated in 1895. She spent a few years after college working on a newspaper, and then worked an editorial job at the magazine Home Monthly in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She then wrote reviews for the Pittsburgh Leader. In 1903, she published a book of poetry, April Twilights, and she moved to New York City in 1904. She met Edith Lewis the same year, whom she later shares an apartment with in 1908, and they live together until her death (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). Next, she taught high school in Pittsburgh in 1895, then moved to NY City to work on the editorial staff of McClure's magazine in 1906 (Crane: 218, 256). Ultimately, she saved McClure's magazine from financial disaster, after she became managing editor (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). In 1908, she befriends Sarah Orne Jewett, an inspiration for Cather's later works (Crane, 198). Cather is most widely recognized for her chronicles of western pioneer America. She won the Pulitzer Prize in 1925 for One of Ours. Cather died 24 April 1947, at 73 years of age, and is buried in New Hampshire (Crane, Editorial). Cather worked careers as a journalist, an editor, and a fiction writer - but her first publication was a poetry collection, April Twilights (1903). The birthplace of her writing career was Pittsburgh, as Cather noted (North Side: Willa Cather). She moved to New York City in 1904, an... ..." Harvard University, June 1987. Cather, Willa. O Pioneers, Willa Cather Scholarly Edition. Rosowski,Susan J. Mignon, Charles W. Danker, Kathleen. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. Adams, Frederick B. Foreword in Willa Cather: A Bibliography, The University of Nebraska Press, 1982. "Language and Being in Cather's "The Professor's House: A Look Back and Forth from Thoreau to Nietzsche and Heidegger."" An Essay by Frank H. W. Edler. Metropolitan Community College Omaha, Nebraska. Copyright  © 2000, Frank Edler Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press, 2000. Reclaiming History. [http://www.uic.edu/depts/quic/history/willa_cather.html], 11 March 2002 North Side: Willa Cather. [http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/neighborhoods/northside/nor_n111.html], 11 March 2002

Biomes of the earth Essay

A Biome is all of the life zones, all plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as the physical environment in a particular area. A biome is characterized by its plant life, which is determined by its location. For example, northern coniferous forests exist in sub-arctic portions of North America and Asia, but further north, the conditions are simply too harsh and the season too brief for trees to grow. Instead of trees, the short vegetation of the tundra thrives in these areas. The same occurs with altitude, as trees give way to short alpine vegetation in high mountainous regions. A biome is composed of many ecosystems, which are smaller communities of plants and animals and their habitats, the physical parts of their environment that affect them. Whereas, the boundaries of a biome are determined by climate, the boundaries of ecosystems are physical features, such as ridges or riverbanks, which separate one community from another. Any given place may have several different ecosystems that vary in size and complexity. A tropical island, for example, may have a rain forest ecosystem that covers hundreds of square miles, a mangrove swamp ecosystem along the coast, and an underwater coral reef ecosystem. No matter how the size or complexity of an ecosystem is characterized, all ecosystems exhibit a constant exchange of matter and energy between the biotic and abiotic community. The ecosystems of a particular biome tend to have plants with similar growth forms and animals with similar feeding habits. Major biomes include tropical rain forest, northern coniferous forest, tundra, desert, grassland, savanna, and chaparral. The tropical rain forest is the most complex biome in the world. This biome is found at low elevations in the tropics where it is always warm and wet. Rain forests are characterized by a dense tree canopy tree top branches and leaves that overlap with each other, creating a shaded forest interior. These canopies may reach up to 160 feet high. The thick canopy allows little sunlight to penetrate, so rain forest floors have little ground cover. The soil lacks nutrients, and most plants are able to store what few nutrients  they can absorb. There are more species of plants in rain forests than in any other ecosystem in the world. Deep within the clutter of dense foliage, individual species boast unique characteristics suited to their highly specialized existence. Middle-story plants, for example, often have large leaves to capture what little light filters through the canopy, while epiphytes have overlapping leaves that trap and store water. The northern coniferous forest, also known as the taiga in Russia, is found in a broad subarctic band across Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, Russia, and China, where the winters are long and cold. Conifers, such as spruce, larch, and fir, are the dominant plants, but lichens and mosses are abundant too. These forests usually occupy formerly glaciated regions and occur in association with lakes, bogs, and rivers. The tundra is the treeless plain that lies north of the northern coniferous forests and on the Antarctic Peninsula in the southern hemisphere. Trees cannot survive in this biome because of the cold temperatures, high winds, and heavy snowfall, as well as the permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen subsoil. Plant life tends to grow low to the ground. In the summer, large numbers of birds migrate to the tundra to feed on insects. Other animals found in this area include reindeer, wolves, fox, voles, and lemmings. A similar biome, called the alpine biome, is found in high mountain areas around the world. Similar harsh conditions cause vegetation to grow low to the ground in alpine meadows. Desert biomes are characterized by less than 10 inches of annual precipitation and high temperatures. To combat this lack of moisture, desert plants have developed water-conserving features, such as leaves that are light-colored, small, thick, or waxy. Animals that live in the desert are often light-colored, blend in well with their surroundings, and are usually more active at night to avoid the blazing heat during the day. Grassland biomes are found on every continent except Antarctica, accounting for about one quarter of the Earth’s land surface. Typically found on flat or rolling terrain, grasslands tend to occur in the interior of continents  where precipitation is lower. Periodic droughts occur in most grasslands, accompanied by searing heat that scorches most vegetation in the area. Grasslands are covered with grasses, sedges, and other low-growing, perennial plants. Drought, fire, and grazing by herbivores, such as bison and deer, restrict tree growth. Most grasslands have been extensively cultivated and are now regions where major crops of wheat, corn, and other grains are grown. Temperate natural grasslands develop in regions characterized by an annual rainfall between 10 and 30 inches. Tropical savannas are expansive grasslands dotted with trees. The world’s largest and best-known savanna is the African savanna, which covers much of the continent south of the Sahara desert. In the African savanna, herds of animals graze on the tall grass, and giraffes browse on the trees. Other tropical savannas are found in South America, India, and Australia. The chaparral biome is dominated by dense thickets of mostly small-leafed evergreen shrubs. It is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. This biome can be found in the foothills of California and Mediterranean climate regions. Chaparral plants have adapted to the frequent fires that result from lightning and dry conditions. The chaparral shrublands of California, with mixed communities of low-growing evergreen or deciduous shrubs, represent a distinct habitat in large parts of western North America. Some of the most well-developed chaparral shrubland is found in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Range mountains of California and in mountainous areas of Arizona and Utah. All of these biomes contain different animal species. However, all of these biomes have the same purpose in the world. That purpose is to support and sustain life on our planet.

Joystick

What is the essence of the visitor's point? Discuss how this quote could apply to the novel. Option 2: A euphemism is the substitution of a mild, indirect or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt. Never Let Me Go is filled with euphemisms such as â€Å"donations,† â€Å"completing† and â€Å"deferrals. † After explaining what these words literally mean in the context of the novel, discuss why the â€Å"guardians† of Hails use these terms in talking with the students. On a broader level, how does the author's use of these words enhance the effect of the novel as a whole?Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Options : In literature the term foil describes a character that serves to highlight or emphasize opposing traits in another character. How is Bernard a foil to Biff? How is Charley a foil to Wily? In this paper you will need to discuss the differences in these two pairs of characters. Options: Wily Loan is often referred to as a modern tragic hero. One of the traits of the tragic hero is that he is brought down by a combination of his own tragic flaw as well as forces surrounding him over which he has no control. What do you think is Wily Loan's tragic flaw?What are the outside forces (the things that are not his fault) that contribute to his suicide? Option 3: On the surface, Linda Loan appears to be a traditional and subservient wife and mother who Linda demonstrates a clear-eyed intelligence and an almost heroic sense of loyalty. Using specific evidence from the play, discuss the admirable qualities of this character. Your Name Dyspepsia Literature: Section (Be sure to put in section number. ) 17 September, 2014 Title of the Paper Goes Here When typing a paper in MEAL format, remember this simple rule: everything is bubble-spaced.This includes the heading, the space between the date and the title, and the first line of text. There should never be any large gaps of blank paper. There should BEA 1 inch m argin on all sides of the sheet. Use a standard looking font (this is Caliber) with a font size of 11 or 12. Be sure your paper has a title; it should not be underlined or in bold-face. If you mention the name of the novel or play in the title, it should be italicized. In fact, be sure to italicize the name of the book title whenever you use it.

Paul Signac Biography essays

Paul Signac Biography essays Paul Signac was a French postimpressionist painter who was born in Paris and was one of the originators of the technique known as pointillism. In 1884 Signac began associating with French painter Georges Seurat, and by his influence Signac abandoned painting with short brushstrokes and started experimenting with scientifically arranged dots of pure color. His fame led him to meet with many different Paul Signac was born in 1863Â  and began to paint in 1880. He attended the Academy of Bing in 1883 and became interested in Monets style. In 1884 he was a co-founder of the Independents and became friendly with Seurat. Together they invented a new technique for painting known as pointillism. Pointillism is a late 19th-century method of painting, consisting of depositing small dots or strokes of pure color on the canvas. Seen from a distance, these points blend and give the effect of a different color and heightened luminosity. The style was a development of Signacs association with Seurat convinced him to drop the paintbrush with the short brushstrokes and to pick up pointillism. Seurat influenced Signac to abandon the short brushstrokes. He urged him to start painting with scientifically juxtaposed dots of pure color pigment to create a larger overall effect of the work on the consumer. With Seurats help and influence, the two went on to create pointillism. Paul Signacs work was becoming popular among the better artists of the time, and caused him to have many influential acquaintances. In 1887 he went with Seurat to Brussels and for the first time visited the Mediterranean. In 1888 he exhibited for the first time with Les XX in Brussels. In 1889 he visited van Gogh at Arles. In 1890 he made the first visit to Italy and became the first member of Les XX. He visited Holland ...

The try-catch-finally Blocks in Java

The try-catch-finally Blocks in Java To make a Java program as robust as possible it needs to be able to handle exceptions. The compiler does its part by not allowing you to compile a program until it is syntactically correct and can also point out checked exceptions that must be handled. But the exceptions that are likely to cause the most headaches are the ones that appear once the program is running. To help handle these exceptions the Java language provides the try-catch-finally blocks. The try Block The tryblock encases any statements that might cause an exception to occur. For example, if you are reading data from a file using the FileReader class, its expected that you handle the IOExceptions associated with using a FileReader object, for example,FileNotFoundExceptionand IOException. To ensure this happens, you can place the statements that deal with creating and using the FileReader object inside a try block:However, the code is incomplete because, in order for the exception to be handled, we need a place for it to be caught. This happens in the catch block.The catch Block The catch block(s)  provide a place to handle the exception thrown by the statements within a try block. The catch block is defined directly after the try block. It must specify the type of exception it is handling. For example, the FileReader object defined in the code above is capable of throwing a FileNotFoundException or an IOException. We can specify two catch blocks to handle both of those exceptions:In the FileNotFoundExceptioncatchblock we could place code to ask the user to find the file for us and then try to read the file again. In the IOException catch block, we might just pass on the I/O error to the user and ask them to try something else. Either way, we have provided a way for the program to catch an exception and handle it in a controlled manner.In Java SE 7, it became possible to handled multiple exceptions in one catch block. If the code we wanted to place in the two catch blocks above was exactly the same we could write the code like this instead:In order to do a bit of housekeeping as far as resources go, we can add a finally block. After all, we want to release the file we have been reading from once we are finished. The finally Block The statements in the finally block are always executed. This is useful to clean up resources in the event of the try block executing without an exception and in the cases when there is an exception. In both eventualities, we can close the file we have been using.   The finally block appears directly after the last catch block:

Culture and Sub-Genres in Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture and Sub-Genres in Literature - Essay Example There are others that seek to completely refute this argument, saying that art and politics are intrinsically linked and that the artist has to be a socially responsible person, an aspect that would shine through his art. Then again, it is this diversity of viewpoints that enables the existence of genres and subgenres. The existence of a literary politics is also evident in the presence of subcultures, which more often than not are the creations of specific communities that have certain vested interests in promoting certain subcultures. Being in certain senses a mirror of the society, art cannot be completely divorced from the material realities of the world that influence the very production of literature and the reception of it at the level of the consumer, who himself or herself has certain expectations of a political literariness that may be present in a writer that he may choose to read the works of. For instance, a person who picks a book of Chinua Achebe would be ready for a p ostcolonial politics that informs the writing of Achebe (Achebe). There are, of course issues that overlap and are present in the works of authors who may not overtly profess ideologies relating to those issues, but these analyses occur when one seeks to read a work along the faultlines of the narrative that the writer seeks to provide the reader. The culture of a certain society decides the stereotypes that exist within that society. It is the society that seeks to impose certain identities on certain communities that then enter into the public consciousness and that of that particular community as well. This then leads to that community fashioning itself according to the identities and stereotypes that the society imposes on it. This leads to the literature that is produced by that community being typecast, to a certain extent, not just by other communities but also by the community that produces it, under pressure to conform to the identities that are imposed by the discourse tha t are a part of everyday societal life. The subgenres that these communities create along with the society that also lead to the creation of subcultures finally are sustained by the discourses that sustain the identities, which are essentially constructs of the society. They then become structures that support and sustain each other. There then seems to be no exit from this vicious cycle that is created by both parties. The effect of the society in the creation of subgenres in literature is thus evident. The society that communities are a part of and help constitute themselves is a reflection of the literature that the society produces. Apart from this, like the earlier mentioned cycle, society and literature too, form a cycle whereby the two mirror each other and help in the modification of each other. From the above discussion, one can also understand the historical aspect of the problem that is in front of us. Communities produce subgenres that reflect their triumphs and defeats that have become a part of their culture. Thus literature becomes a means and a platform for these cultures that have been shaped by historical forces to manifest themselves. The historical aspe

Nazis and how the final solution came to be Research Paper

Nazis and how the final solution came to be - Research Paper Example The following paper will discuss this process of refinement.   Gas vans employed the usage of poisonous cases to implement the ideology of mass murder of the Jews by the Germans. The initial slaughter of the Soviet Jews was carried out by shooting them individually. This method of slaughter or killing turned out to be inefficient and had certain negative outcomes. It not only proved as inefficient in murdering a large number of the Jews, but it also had devastating after-effects on the perpetrators. Problems such as alcoholism and psychological issues became common and widespread due to this method of murder. Himmler Heinrich, second in power to Adolf Hitler who led the breakthrough methods of employing â€Å"medicine† in the mass murder techniques and was also involved in the set up of the extermination camps, was himself a victim of the psychological after-effects caused by the shootings. He almost fainted at the sight of the 100 Jews being executed through shootings on th e Russian front in 1941 (Nicholls 80, 117-118). These reasons urged and motivated them to experiment with other methods which were more effectual and could be performed in a more â€Å"humane† way causing lesser effects on the perpetrators. ... The journey of the Jews was initiated from the train cars where they were crammed and transported first to Kolo and then to Powiercie. Trucks from the junction took the prisoners to Schlosslager. Prisoners took a bathe there and any valuable objects under their possession were taken by the Germans. Stripped groups of fifty to seventy men, women, and children were forcefully directed towards a ramp which led to deceptive signs â€Å"To the Washrooms.† From there, the prisoners were cramped into gas vans and even during or after the killings the vans drove to Waldlager. The dead bodies were buried in massive graves and the vans were then cleaned by Jewish prisoners specially appointed for this job. In spite of the effectual exhaust fumes that were used for the mass murders, the gas vans eventually reflected some short-comings. The vans were not spacious and the requirement for deaths in the East was increasing tremendously. Moreover, the burial pits used after the gas vans execu tion procedures did not fulfill the requirements for secrecy of the government. Better methods of getting rid of the corpses had to be formulated to carry out the mass execution of the Jews (Rubenstein and Roth 196-197). More than 150,000 Jews were executed using the carbon monoxide gas vans at Chelmno in 1942. After Chelmno, four other extermination camps were put up in 1942 at Sobibor, Treblinka, Belzec and by the end of 1942, Majdanek. The first three camps were successful in the mass murder of 600,000 Jews by using carbon monoxide gas as the killing agent (Nicholls 80). Operation Reinhard, which was the code-word for the secretive execution of the Polish Jews, was named after Reinhard Heydrich, one of the main